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Organic Chemistry

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Hybridization

Hybridization

The concept of mixing two atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give a new type of orbital is called hybridization. Hybridization is possible only with the atomic orbital of a comparable amount of energy level. If they have a similar energy, both full filled and half-filled orbital can be hybridized. The degenerated orbital is called a hybrid orbital.

Some common types of Hybridization are:

sp Hybridization

  • one s and one p orbital mix to form sp hybridized orbital.
  •  It forms linear molecules with a bond angle of 180°
  • It is also called diagonal hybridization.
  • Has 50% s and p character.

Example: carbon-containing triple Bond-like ethyne(C2H2).

sp2 Hybridization

  • one s and two p orbitals mix to form sp2 hybridized orbital.
  • It forms nonlinear molecules with a bond angle of 120°
  • It is also called trigonal hybridization.
  • It has 33.33% s and 66.67 %p characters.

Examples: BF3, BH3, carbon-containing double bond, Ethylene (C2H4)

sp3 Hybridization

  • One S and three P orbital mix to form SP3 orbital.
  • It forms nonlinear with a bond angle of 109.28 degrees.
  • It is called tetrahedral hybridization.
  • It Has 25% s character and 75% p character.

Example: ethane (C2H6), methane.

There are also many other forms of hybridization like sp2d, sp3d2, etc.

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