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Organic Chemistry

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Monosaccharides ,Oligosaccharides And Polysaccharides

1)Monosaccharides: They are pure sugar and are the smallest units of the carbohydrates. These are polyhydroxy-aldehyde or ketones, which cannot be further hydrolyzed into pure sugar.

2)Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates units, which gives 2-10 monosaccharides units on hydrolysis are called as Oligosaccharides. In this various monosaccharide units are connected by "glycosidic linkage", which actually are oxide linkage formed by the release of a molecule of water when two same of different monosaccharide units are combined.

Oligosaccharides are also classified based on the number of the monosaccharide units formed on hydrolysis.

  • Disaccharides: On hydrolysis give yield two monosaccharide units. Ex: Sucrose (D- glucose and D-fructose), Maltose, Lactose.
  • Trisaccharides: they give three monosaccharides units upon hydrolysis. Ex: Raffinose give glucose + fructose + galactose.
  • Tetrasaccharides: they give four monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.

3)Polysaccharides: They are polymers of the monosaccharides and yield more than ten monosaccharides units upon hydrolysis. They are usually tasteless, amorphous, and are either insoluble in water or form a colloidal suspension. Ex starch, glycogen, cellulose.

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